Association
football
From
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Association football
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The attacking player (No. 10) attempts to kick the
ball beyond the opposing team's goalkeeper, between the goalposts, and
beneath the crossbar to score a goal.
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Highest governing body
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Nicknames
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First played
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Characteristics
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Contact
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Team members
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11 per
side (including goalkeeper)
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Mixed gender
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Yes,
separate competitions
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Type
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Equipment
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Football (or soccer ball)
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Venue
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Football
pitch (also
known as football field, football ground, soccer field, soccer pitch or
simply "pitch")
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Glossary
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Presence
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Country or region
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Worldwide
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Association
football, more
commonly known as football or soccer,[a] is a team sport played between two teams of eleven players with a spherical ball. It is
played by 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies, making it
the world's most popular sport.[3][4][5][6] The game is played on a rectangular
field with a goal at each end. The object of the game
is to score by moving the ball beyond the goal line into the
opposing goal.
Players are
not allowed to touch the ball with outstretched hands or arms while it is in
play, unless they are goalkeepers within their penalty area. Other players mainly use their
feet to strike or pass the ball, but may also use any other part of their body
except the hands and the arms. The team that scores the most goals by the end
of the match wins. If the score is level at the end of the game, either a draw is declared or the game goes into extra time or a penalty shootout depending on the format of the competition. The Laws of the Game were originally codified in England by The Football Association in 1863. Association football is governed
internationally by the International
Federation of Association Football (FIFA; French: Fédération
Internationale de Football Association), which organises World Cups for both men and women every four years.[7]
Contents
- 1 Name
- 2 History
- 3 Gameplay
- 4 Laws
- 4.1 Players, equipment, and officials
- 4.2 Ball
- 4.3 Pitch
- 4.4 Duration and tie-breaking methods
- 4.5 Ball in and out of play
- 4.6 Misconduct
- 5 Governing bodies
- 6 International competitions
- 7 Domestic competitions
- 8 Hooliganism
- 9 Variants and casual play
- 10 See also
- 11 Notes
- 12 References
- 13 External links
Name
Main
article: Names for association football
The rules of
association football were codified in England by the Football Association in
1863 and the name association football was coined to distinguish the
game from the other forms
of football played at
the time, specifically rugby football. The first written "reference
to the inflated ball used in the game" was in the mid-14th century:
"Þe heued fro þe body went, Als it were a foteballe".[8] The Online Etymology Dictionary states that the word
"soccer" was "split off in 1863".[9] According to Partha Mazumdar, the
term soccer originated in England, first appearing in the 1880s as an Oxford "-er" abbreviation of the word
"association".[10]
Within the English-speaking
world,
association football is now usually called football in the United
Kingdom and mainly soccer in Canada and the United States. People in Australia,
Ireland, South Africa and New Zealand use either or both terms, although
national associations in Australia and New Zealand now primarily use
"football" for the formal name.[11]
History
Main
article: History of association football
According to
FIFA, the Chinese competitive game cuju (蹴鞠, literally "kick ball")
is the earliest form of football for which there is evidence.[13] Cuju players could use any
part of the body apart from hands and the intent was kicking a ball through an
opening into a net. It was remarkably similar to modern football, though
similarities to rugby occurred.[14][15] During the Han Dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD), cuju
games were standardised and rules were established.[14]
Phaininda and episkyros were Greek ball games.[16][17] An image of an episkyros
player depicted in low relief on a vase at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens[12] appears on the UEFA European Championship Cup.[18] Athenaeus, writing in 228 AD, referenced the Roman ball game harpastum. Phaininda, episkyros
and harpastum were played involving hands and violence. They all appear
to have resembled rugby
football, wrestling and volleyball more than what is recognizable as
modern football.[14][19][20][21][22][23] As with pre-codified "mob football", the antecedent of all modern football codes, these three games involved more
handling the ball than kicking.[24][25] Non-competitive games included kemari in Japan,[26] chuk-guk in Korea and woggabaliri in Australia.
Association
football in itself does not have a classical history.[18] Notwithstanding any similarities to
other ball games played around the world FIFA has recognised that no historical
connection exists with any game played in antiquity outside Europe.[27] The modern rules of association
football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the widely varying forms of football played in the public schools of England. The history of football in England dates
back to at least the
eighth century AD.[28]
The Cambridge Rules, first drawn up at Cambridge
University in 1848, were particularly influential in the development of
subsequent codes, including association football. The Cambridge Rules were
written at Trinity College, Cambridge, at a meeting attended by representatives from Eton, Harrow, Rugby, Winchester and Shrewsbury schools. They were not universally
adopted. During the 1850s, many clubs unconnected to schools or universities
were formed throughout the English-speaking world, to play various forms of
football. Some came up with their own distinct codes of rules, most notably the
Sheffield
Football Club, formed by
former public school pupils in 1857,[29] which led to formation of a Sheffield FA in 1867. In 1862, John Charles Thring of Uppingham School also devised an influential set of
rules.[30]
These
ongoing efforts contributed to the formation of The Football Association (The FA) in 1863, which first met on the morning of
26 October 1863 at the Freemasons'
Tavern in Great Queen
Street, London.[31] The only school to be represented
on this occasion was Charterhouse. The Freemason's Tavern was the
setting for five more meetings between October and December, which eventually
produced the first comprehensive set of rules. At the final meeting, the first
FA treasurer, the representative from Blackheath, withdrew his club from the FA over
the removal of two draft rules at the previous meeting: the first allowed for
running with the ball in hand; the second for obstructing such a run by hacking
(kicking an opponent in the shins), tripping and holding. Other English
rugby clubs followed this lead and did not join the FA and instead in 1871 formed
the Rugby
Football Union. The eleven
remaining clubs, under the charge of Ebenezer
Cobb Morley, went on to
ratify the original thirteen laws of the game.[31] These rules included handling of
the ball by "marks" and the lack of a crossbar, rules which made it
remarkably similar to Victorian rules football being developed at that time in Australia. The
Sheffield FA played by its own rules until the 1870s with the FA absorbing some
of its rules until there was little difference between the games.[32]
The world's
oldest football competition is the FA Cup, which was founded by C. W. Alcock and has been contested by English
teams since 1872. The first official international football match also took place in 1872, between
Scotland and England in Glasgow, again at the instigation of C. W.
Alcock. England is also home to the world's first football
league, which was
founded in Birmingham in 1888 by Aston Villa director William McGregor.[33] The original format contained 12
clubs from the Midlands and Northern England.
The laws of
the game are determined by the International Football Association Board (IFAB).[34] The board was formed in 1886[35] after a meeting in Manchester of The Football Association, the Scottish Football Association, the Football Association of Wales, and the Irish Football Association. FIFA, the international football body,
was formed in Paris in 1904 and declared that they would adhere to Laws of the
Game of the Football Association.[36] The growing popularity of the
international game led to the admittance of FIFA representatives to the International Football Association Board in 1913. The board consists of four
representatives from FIFA and one representative from each of the four British
associations.[37]
Today,
football is played at a professional level all over the world. Millions of
people regularly go to football stadiums to follow their favourite teams,[38] while billions more watch the game
on television or on the internet.[39][40] A very large number of people also
play football at an amateur level. According to a survey conducted by FIFA
published in 2001, over 240 million people from more than 200 countries
regularly play football.[41] Football has the highest global
television audience in sport.[42]
In many
parts of the world football evokes great passions and plays an important role
in the life of individual fans, local communities, and even
nations. R. Kapuscinski says that Europeans who are polite, modest, or humble
fall easily into rage when playing or watching football games.[43] The Côte d'Ivoire national football team helped secure a truce to the
nation's civil war in 2006[44] and it helped further reduce
tensions between government and rebel forces in 2007 by playing a match in the
rebel capital of Bouaké, an occasion that brought both
armies together peacefully for the first time.[45] By contrast, football is widely
considered to have been the final proximate cause for the Football War in June 1969 between El Salvador
and Honduras.[46] The sport also exacerbated tensions
at the beginning of the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s, when a match between Dinamo Zagreb and Red Star Belgrade degenerated into rioting in May
1990.[47]
Women's association football
Main
article: Women's association football
A women's
international match between the United States and Germany
Early women's football
Women may
have been playing "football" for as long as the game has existed.
Evidence shows that an ancient version of the game (Tsu Chu) was played by women during the Han Dynasty (25–220 CE). Two female figures are
depicted in Han Dynasty (25–220 CE) frescoes, playing Tsu
Chu.[48] There are, however, a number of
opinions about the accuracy of dates, the earliest estimates at 5000 BCE.[49]
Association
football, the modern game, also has documented early involvement of women. An
annual competition in Mid-Lothian, Scotland during the 1790s is reported, too.[50][51] In 1863, football governing bodies
introduced standardised rules to prohibit violence on the pitch, making it more
socially acceptable for women to play.[52] The first match recorded by the Scottish Football Association took place in 1892 in Glasgow. In England, the first recorded
game of football between women took place in 1895.[52][53]
The most
well-documented early European team was founded by activist Nettie Honeyball in England in 1894. It was named
the British Ladies' Football Club. Nettie Honeyball is quoted, "I founded the
association late last year [1894], with the fixed resolve of proving to the
world that women are not the 'ornamental and useless' creatures men have
pictured. I must confess, my convictions on all matters where the sexes are so
widely divided are all on the side of emancipation, and I look forward to the time
when ladies may sit in Parliament and have a voice in the direction
of affairs, especially those which concern them most." [54] Honeyball and those like her paved
the way for women's football. However, the women's game was frowned upon by the
British football associations, and continued without their support. It has been
suggested that this was motivated by a perceived threat to the 'masculinity' of
the game.[55]
.jpg)
A Welsh
women's football team pose for a photograph in 1959
Women's
football became popular on a large scale at the time of the First World War, when employment in heavy industry
spurred the growth of the game, much as it had done for men fifty years
earlier. The most successful team of the era was Dick, Kerr's
Ladies of Preston,
England. The team
played in the first women's international matches in 1920, against a team from Paris, France, in April, and also made up most of the
England team against a Scottish Ladies XI in 1920, and winning
22-0.[50]
Despite
being more popular than some men's football events (one match saw a 53,000
strong crowd),[56] women's football in England
suffered a blow in 1921 when The Football Association outlawed the playing of the game on Association
members' pitches, on the grounds that the game (as played by women) was
distasteful.[57] Some speculated that this may have
also been due to envy of the large crowds that women's matches attracted.[58] This led to the formation of the English Ladies Football Association and play moved to rugby grounds.[59]
Association
football has been played by women since at least the time of the first recorded
women's games in the late 19th century.[60][61] It has traditionally been
associated with charity games and physical exercise, particularly in the United
Kingdom.[61] In the late 1960s and early 1970s
women's association football was organised in the United Kingdom, eventually
becoming the most prominent team sport for British women.[61]
20th and 21st century
The growth
in women's football has seen major competitions being launched at both national and international level mirroring the male competitions. Women's
football has faced many struggles. It had a "golden age" in the
United Kingdom in the early 1920s when crowds reached 50,000 at some matches;[62] this was stopped on 5 December 1921
when England's Football Association voted to ban the game from grounds used by
its member clubs. The FA's ban was rescinded in December 1969 with UEFA voting
to officially recognise women's football in 1971.[61] The FIFA Women's
World Cup was
inaugurated in 1991 and has been held every four years since,[63] while women's football has been an
Olympic event since 1996.
Gameplay
A goalkeeper
saving a close-range shot from inside the penalty area
Association
football is played in accordance with a set of rules known as the Laws of the Game. The game is played using a spherical ball of
68–70 cm (27–28 in) circumference,[64] known as the football (or soccer ball). Two teams of eleven players
each compete to get the ball into the other team's goal (between the posts and
under the bar), thereby scoring a goal. The team that has scored more goals at
the end of the game is the winner; if both teams have scored an equal number of
goals then the game is a draw. Each team is led by a captain who has only one official responsibility as mandated
by the Laws of the Game: to represent his or her team in the coin toss prior to
kick-off or penalty kicks.[65]
The primary
law is that players other than goalkeepers may not deliberately handle the
ball with their hands or arms during play, though they must use both their
hands during a throw-in restart. Although players usually
use their feet to move the ball around they may use any part of their body
(notably, "heading" with the forehead)[66] other than their hands or arms.[67] Within normal play, all players are
free to play the ball in any direction and move throughout the pitch, though
the ball cannot be received in an offside position.[68]
During
gameplay, players attempt to create goal-scoring opportunities through
individual control of the ball, such as by dribbling, passing the ball to a teammate,
and by taking shots at the goal, which is guarded by the opposing goalkeeper.
Opposing players may try to regain control of the ball by intercepting a pass
or through tackling the opponent in possession of the
ball; however, physical contact between opponents is restricted. Football is
generally a free-flowing game, with play stopping only when the ball has left
the field of play or when play is stopped by the referee for an infringement of the rules. After a stoppage,
play recommences with a specified restart.[69]
At a
professional level, most matches produce only a few goals. For example, the 2005–06 season of the
English Premier
League produced an
average of 2.48 goals per match.[70] The Laws of the Game do not specify
any player positions other than goalkeeper,[71] but a number of specialised roles have evolved. Broadly, these include three main
categories: strikers, or forwards, whose main task is to score goals; defenders, who specialise in preventing their opponents from
scoring; and midfielders, who dispossess the opposition and
keep possession of the ball to pass it to the forwards on their team. Players
in these positions are referred to as outfield players, to distinguish them
from the goalkeeper. These positions are further subdivided according to the
area of the field in which the player spends most time. For example, there are
central defenders, and left and right midfielders. The ten outfield players may
be arranged in any combination. The number of players in each position
determines the style of the team's play; more forwards and fewer defenders creates
a more aggressive and offensive-minded game, while the reverse creates a
slower, more defensive style of play. While players typically spend most of the
game in a specific position, there are few restrictions on player movement, and
players can switch positions at any time.[72] The layout of a team's players is
known as a formation. Defining the team's formation and tactics is usually
the prerogative of the team's manager.[73]
Laws
Main
article: Laws of the Game (association football)
There are 17
laws in the official Laws of the Game, each containing a collection of stipulation
and guidelines. The same laws are designed to apply to all levels of football,
although certain modifications for groups such as juniors, seniors, women and
people with physical disabilities are permitted. The laws are often framed in
broad terms, which allow flexibility in their application depending on the
nature of the game. The Laws of the Game are published by FIFA, but are
maintained by the International Football Association Board (IFAB).[74] In addition to the seventeen laws,
numerous IFAB decisions and other directives contribute to the regulation of
football.
Players, equipment, and officials
See also: Association football positions, Formation (association football), and Kit (association football)
Each team
consists of a maximum of eleven players (excluding substitutes), one of whom must be the goalkeeper. Competition rules may state a
minimum number of players required to constitute a team, which is usually
seven. Goalkeepers are the only players allowed to play the ball with their
hands or arms, provided they do so within the penalty area in front of their own goal. Though
there are a variety of positions in which the outfield (non-goalkeeper) players are
strategically placed by a coach, these positions are not defined or required by
the Laws.[71]
The basic
equipment or kit players are
required to wear includes a shirt, shorts, socks, footwear and adequate shin guards. An athletic supporter and protective cup is highly
recommended for male players by medical experts and professionals.[75][76] Headgear is not a
required piece of basic equipment, but players today may choose to wear it to
protect themselves from head injury. Players are forbidden to wear or use
anything that is dangerous to themselves or another player, such as jewellery
or watches. The goalkeeper must wear clothing that is easily distinguishable
from that worn by the other players and the match officials.[77]
A number of
players may be replaced by substitutes during the course of the game. The
maximum number of substitutions permitted in most competitive international and
domestic league games is three, though the permitted number may vary in other
competitions or in friendly matches. Common reasons for a substitution
include injury, tiredness, ineffectiveness, a tactical switch, or timewasting at the end of a finely poised game.
In standard adult matches, a player who has been substituted may not take
further part in a match.[78] IFAB recommends "that a match
should not continue if there are fewer than seven players in either team."
Any decision regarding points awarded for abandoned games is left to the
individual football associations.[79]
A game is
officiated by a referee, who has "full authority to enforce the Laws of
the Game in connection with the match to which he has been appointed" (Law
5), and whose decisions are final. The referee is assisted by two assistant referees. In many high-level games there is also a fourth official who assists the referee and may
replace another official should the need arise.[80]
Ball
Main
article: Ball (association football)
The ball is
spherical with a circumference of between 68 and 70 centimetres (27 and
28 in), a weight in the range of 410 to 450 grams (14 to 16 oz), and
a pressure between 0.6 and 1.1 bars (8.5 and 15.6 pounds per
square inch) at sea
level. In the past the ball was made up of leather panels sewn together, with a
latex bladder for pressurisation but modern balls at all levels of the game are
now synthetic.[81][82]
Pitch
Main article:
Football
pitch
As the Laws
were formulated in England, and were initially administered solely by the four
British football associations within IFAB, the standard dimensions of a football pitch were
originally expressed in imperial units. The Laws now express dimensions
with approximate metric equivalents (followed by
traditional units in brackets), though use of imperial units remains popular in
English-speaking countries with a relatively recent history of metrication (or only partial metrication), such
as Britain.[83]
The length
of the pitch, or field, for international adult matches is in the range of
100–110 m (110–120 yd) and the width is in the range of 64–75 m
(70–80 yd). Fields for non-international matches may be 90–120 m
(100–130 yd) length and 45–90 m (50–100 yd) in width, provided
that the pitch does not become square. In 2008, the IFAB initially approved a
fixed size of 105 m (344 ft) long and 68 m (223 ft) wide as
a standard pitch dimension for international matches;[84] however, this decision was later
put on hold and was never actually implemented.[85]
The longer
boundary lines are touchlines, while the shorter boundaries (on which
the goals are placed) are goal lines. A rectangular goal is positioned
at the middle of each goal line.[86] The inner edges of the vertical
goal posts must be 24 feet (7.3 m) apart, and the lower edge of the
horizontal crossbar supported by the goal posts must be 8 feet (2.4 m)
above the ground. Nets are usually placed behind the goal, but are not required
by the Laws.[87]
In front of
the goal is the penalty area. This area is marked by the goal line, two lines
starting on the goal line 16.5 m (18 yd) from the goalposts and
extending 16.5 m (18 yd) into the pitch perpendicular to the goal
line, and a line joining them. This area has a number of functions, the most
prominent being to mark where the goalkeeper may handle the ball and where a
penalty foul by a member of the defending team becomes punishable by a penalty
kick. Other markings define the position of the ball or players at kick-offs, goal kicks, penalty kicks and corner kicks.[88]
Duration and tie-breaking methods
A standard
adult football match consists of two halves of 45 minutes each. Each half runs
continuously, meaning that the clock is not stopped when the ball is out of
play. There is usually a 15-minute half-time break between halves. The end of
the match is known as full-time.[89] The referee is the official
timekeeper for the match, and may make an allowance for time lost through
substitutions, injured players requiring attention, or other stoppages. This
added time is called additional time in FIFA documents,[90][91] but is most commonly referred to as
stoppage time or injury time, while loss time can also be
used as a synonym. The duration of stoppage time is at the sole discretion of
the referee. Stoppage time does not fully compensate for the time in which the
ball is out of play, a 90 minute game typically
involves about an hour of "effective playing time".[92] The referee alone signals the end
of the match. In matches where a fourth official is appointed, towards the end
of the half the referee signals how many minutes of stoppage time he intends to
add. The fourth official then informs the players and spectators by holding up
a board showing this number. The signalled stoppage time may be further
extended by the referee.[89] Added time was introduced because
of an incident which happened in 1891 during a match between Stoke and Aston Villa. Trailing 1–0 and with just two
minutes remaining, Stoke were awarded a penalty. Villa's goalkeeper kicked the
ball out of the ground, and by the time the ball had been recovered, the
90 minutes had elapsed and the game was over.[93] The same law also states that the
duration of either half is extended until the penalty kick to be taken or
retaken is completed, thus no game shall end with a penalty to be taken.[94]
In league
competitions, games may end in a draw. In knockout competitions where a winner
is required various methods may be employed to break such a deadlock, some
competitions may invoke replays.[95] A game tied at the end of
regulation time may go into extra time, which consists of two further 15-minute
periods. If the score is still tied after extra time, some competitions allow
the use of penalty shootouts (known
officially in the Laws of the Game as "kicks from the penalty mark")
to determine which team will progress to the next stage of the tournament.
Goals scored during extra time periods count towards the final score of the
game, but kicks from the penalty mark are only used to decide the team that
progresses to the next part of the tournament (with goals scored in a penalty
shootout not making up part of the final score).[65]
In
competitions using two-legged matches, each team competes at home once,
with an aggregate score from the two matches deciding which team progresses.
Where aggregates are equal, the away goals rule may be used to determine the
winners, in which case the winner is the team that scored the most goals in the
leg they played away from home. If the result is still equal, extra time and
potentially a penalty shootout are required.[65]
In the late
1990s and early 2000s, the IFAB experimented with ways of creating
a winner without requiring a penalty shootout, which was often seen as an
undesirable way to end a match. These involved rules ending a game in extra
time early, either when the first goal in extra time was scored (golden goal), or if one team held a lead at the
end of the first period of extra time (silver goal). Golden goal was used at the World
Cup in 1998 and 2002. The first World Cup game decided
by a golden goal was France's victory
over Paraguay in 1998. Germany was the first nation to score a golden goal in a
major competition, beating Czech Republic in the final of Euro 1996. Silver goal was used in Euro 2004. Both these experiments have been
discontinued by IFAB.[96]
Ball in and out of play
Main
article: Ball in and
out of play
Under the
Laws, the two basic states of play during a game are ball in play and ball
out of play. From the beginning of each playing period with a kick-off until the end of
the playing period, the ball is in play at all times, except when either the
ball leaves the field of play, or play is stopped by the referee. When the ball
becomes out of play, play is restarted by one of eight restart methods
depending on how it went out of play:
A player
takes a free kick, while the opposition form a "wall" to try to block
the ball
- Kick-off: following a goal by the opposing team, or to begin each period of play.[69]
- Throw-in: when the ball has crossed the touchline; awarded to the opposing team to that which last touched the ball.[97]
- Goal kick: when the ball has wholly crossed the goal line without a goal having been scored and having last been touched by a player of the attacking team; awarded to defending team.[98]
- Corner kick: when the ball has wholly crossed the goal line without a goal having been scored and having last been touched by a player of the defending team; awarded to attacking team.[99]
- Indirect free kick: awarded to the opposing team following "non-penal" fouls, certain technical infringements, or when play is stopped to caution or dismiss an opponent without a specific foul having occurred. A goal may not be scored directly (without the ball first touching another player) from an indirect free kick.[100]
- Direct free kick: awarded to fouled team following certain listed "penal" fouls.[100] A goal may be scored directly from a direct free kick.
- Penalty kick: awarded to the fouled team following a foul usually punishable by a direct free kick but that has occurred within their opponent's penalty area.[101]
- Dropped-ball: occurs when the referee has stopped play for any other reason, such as a serious injury to a player, interference by an external party, or a ball becoming defective.[69]
Misconduct
Main
article: Foul (association football)
On-field
Players are
cautioned with a yellow card, and dismissed from the game with a red card.
These colours were first introduced at the 1970 FIFA
World Cup and used
consistently since.
A foul occurs when a player commits an
offence listed in the Laws of the Game while the ball is in play. The offences
that constitute a foul are listed in Law 12. Handling the ball deliberately,
tripping an opponent, or pushing an opponent, are examples of "penal
fouls", punishable by a direct free kick or penalty kick depending on where
the offence occurred. Other fouls are punishable by an indirect
free kick.[67]
The referee
may punish a player's or substitute's misconduct by a caution (yellow card) or dismissal (red card). A second yellow card in the same
game leads to a red card, and which results in a dismissal. A player given a yellow
card is said to have been "booked", the referee writing the player's
name in his official notebook. If a player has been dismissed, no substitute
can be brought on in their place and the player may not participate in further
play. Misconduct may occur at any time, and while the offences that constitute
misconduct are listed, the definitions are broad. In particular, the offence of
"unsporting behaviour" may be used to deal with most events that
violate the spirit of the game, even if they are not listed as specific
offences. A referee can show a yellow or red card to a player, substitute or
substituted player. Non-players such as managers and support staff cannot be
shown the yellow or red card, but may be expelled from the technical area if
they fail to conduct themselves in a responsible manner.[67]
Rather than
stopping play, the referee may allow play to continue if doing so will benefit
the team against which an offence has been committed. This is known as
"playing an advantage".[102] The referee may "call
back" play and penalise the original offence if the anticipated advantage
does not ensue within "a few seconds". Even if an offence is not
penalised due to advantage being played, the offender may still be sanctioned
for misconduct at the next stoppage of play.[103]
The
referee's decision in all on-pitch matters is considered final.[104] The score of a match cannot be
altered after the game, even if later evidence shows that decisions (including
awards/non-awards of goals) were incorrect.
Off-field
See also: Foul (association football) § Post-match
Along with
the general administration of the sport, football associations and competition
organisers also enforce good conduct in wider aspects of the game, dealing with
issues such as comments to the press, clubs' financial management, doping, age fraud and match fixing. Most competitions enforce
mandatory suspensions for players who are sent off in a game.[105] Some on-field incidents, if
considered very serious (such as allegations of racial abuse), may result in
competitions deciding to impose heavier sanctions than those normally
associated with a red card.[b] Some associations allow for appeals
against player suspensions incurred on-field if clubs feel a referee was
incorrect or unduly harsh.[105]
Sanctions
for such infractions may be levied on individuals or on to clubs as a whole.
Penalties may include fines, points deductions (in league competitions) or even
expulsion from competitions. For example, the English and Scottish leagues will
often deduct 10 points from a team that enters financial administration. Among other administrative
sanctions are penalties against game forfeiture. Teams that had forfeited a
game or had been forfeited against would be awarded a technical loss or win.
Governing bodies
See also: Association football around the world
The
recognised international governing body of football (and associated games, such
as futsal and beach soccer) is FIFA. The FIFA headquarters are located in Zürich, Switzerland. Six regional
confederations are associated with FIFA; these are:[106]
- Asia: Asian Football Confederation (AFC)
- Africa: Confederation of African Football (CAF)
- Europe: Union of European Football Associations (UEFA)
- North/Central America & Caribbean: Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football (CONCACAF)
- Oceania: Oceania Football Confederation (OFC)
- South America: Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol/Confederação Sul-americana de Futebol (South American Football Confederation; CONMEBOL)
National
associations oversee football within individual countries. These are generally
synonymous with sovereign states, (for example: the Fédération Camerounaise de Football in Cameroon) but also include a
smaller number of associations responsible for sub-national entities or
autonomous regions (for example the Scottish Football Association in Scotland). 209 national associations are
affiliated both with FIFA and with their respective continental confederations.[106]
While FIFA
is responsible for arranging competitions and most rules related to
international competition, the actual Laws of the Game are set by the International Football Association Board, where each of the UK Associations
has one vote, while FIFA collectively has four votes.[37]
International competitions
Main
article: List of association football competitions
The major
international competition in football is the World Cup, organised by FIFA. This
competition takes place every four years since 1930 with the exception of 1942 and 1946
tournaments, which were cancelled due to World War II. Approximately 190–200 national
teams compete in qualifying tournaments within the scope of continental
confederations for a place in the finals. The finals tournament, which is held
every four years, involves 32 national teams competing over a four-week period.[c] The World Cup is the most
prestigious association football tournament in the world as well as the most
widely viewed and followed sporting event in the world, exceeding even the Olympic Games; the cumulative audience of all
matches of the 2006 FIFA
World Cup was
estimated to be 26.29 billion with an estimated 715.1 million people watching
the final match, a ninth of
the entire population of the planet.[107][108][109][110] The current champion is Germany, which won its fourth title at the 2014
tournament in Brazil. FIFA Women's
World Cup has been
held every four years since 1991. Under the
tournament's current format, national teams vie for 23 slots in a three-year qualification phase. (The host nation's team is automatically entered as
the 24th slot.) The current champion is the United States, after winning their third title in the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup.
There has
been a football tournament at every Summer Olympic Games since 1900, except at the 1932 games in Los Angeles.[111] Before the inception of the World
Cup, the Olympics (especially during the 1920s) were the most prestigious
international event. Originally, the tournament was for amateurs only.[36] As professionalism spread around
the world, the gap in quality between the World Cup and the Olympics widened.
The countries that benefited most were the Soviet Bloc countries of Eastern Europe, where top athletes were
state-sponsored while retaining their status as amateurs. Between 1948 and 1980, 23 out of 27 Olympic medals were
won by Eastern Europe, with only Sweden (gold in
1948 and bronze in 1952), Denmark (bronze in 1948 and silver in 1960) and Japan (bronze in
1968) breaking their dominance. For the 1984 Los
Angeles Games, the IOC decided to admit professional players. FIFA still did not want the Olympics to rival the World
Cup, so a compromise was struck that allowed teams from Africa, Asia, Oceania and CONCACAF to field their strongest professional
sides, while restricting UEFA and CONMEBOL teams to players who had not played
in a World Cup. Since 1992 male competitors must be under 23
years old, and since 1996, players under 23 years old, with
three over-23 year old players, are allowed per squad. A women's tournament was
added in 1996; in contrast to the men's event, full international sides without
age restrictions play the women's Olympic tournament.[112]
Spanish
footballers celebrating winning the UEFA European Championship
After the
World Cup, the most important international football competitions are the
continental championships, which are organised by each continental
confederation and contested between national teams. These are the European Championship (UEFA), the Copa América (CONMEBOL), African Cup
of Nations (CAF), the Asian Cup (AFC), the CONCACAF Gold Cup (CONCACAF) and the OFC Nations Cup (OFC). The FIFA Confederations
Cup is
contested by the winners of all six continental championships, the current FIFA World Cup champions and the country which is
hosting the Confederations Cup. This is generally regarded as a warm-up
tournament for the upcoming FIFA World Cup and does not carry the same prestige
as the World Cup itself. The most prestigious competitions in club football are
the respective continental championships, which are generally contested between
national champions, for example the UEFA
Champions League in Europe
and the Copa
Libertadores in South
America. The winners of each continental competition contest the FIFA Club
World Cup.[113]
Domestic competitions
Main
article: Association football around the world
A match in
the men's top football league of Germany
The
governing bodies in each country operate league systems in a domestic season, normally comprising several divisions, in which the teams gain points
throughout the season depending on results. Teams are placed into tables, placing them in order according to
points accrued. Most commonly, each team plays every other team in its league
at home and away in each season, in a round-robin
tournament. At the end
of a season, the top team is declared the champion. The top few teams may be promoted to a higher
division, and one or more of the teams finishing at the bottom are relegated to a lower
division.[114]
The teams
finishing at the top of a country's league may be eligible also to play in
international club competitions in the following season. The main exceptions to
this system occur in some Latin American leagues, which divide football
championships into two sections named Apertura and
Clausura (Spanish
for Opening and Closing), awarding a champion for each.[115] The majority of countries
supplement the league system with one or more "cup" competitions
organised on a knock-out basis.
Some
countries' top divisions feature highly paid star players; in smaller countries
and lower divisions, players may be part-timers with a second job, or amateurs.
The five top European leagues – the Bundesliga (Germany), Premier League (England),[116] La Liga (Spain), Serie A (Italy), and Ligue 1 (France) – attract most of the
world's best players and each of the leagues has a total wage cost in excess of
£600 million/€763 million/US$1.185 billion.[117]
Hooliganism
Main
article: Football
hooliganism
Football
hooliganism is the term used to describe disorderly, violent or destructive
behaviour perpetrated by spectators at football events.[118][119]
Variants and casual play
To many,
football is more than just a sport: a video short on the many styles and
ethnicities who play football.
Variants of
football have been codified for reduced-sized teams (i.e. five-a-side
football) play in
non-field environments (i.e. beach soccer, indoor soccer, and futsal) and for teams with disabilities
(i.e. paralympic association football).
Casual games can be played with only minimal
equipment – a basic game can be played on almost any open area of
reasonable size with just a ball and items to mark the positions of two sets of
goalposts. Such games can have team sizes that vary from eleven-a-side, can use
a limited or modified subset of the official rules, and can be self-officiated
by the players.
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